Correlation between physical activity practice and mortality from COVID-19: an ecological study / Correlação entre prática de atividade física e mortalidade por COVID-19: um estudo ecológico / Correlación entre la práctica de actividad física y la mortalidad por COVID-19: un estudio ecológico

Background and objective: new population-level studies are needed to better assess the relationship between physical inactivity and mortality from COVID-19. The aim of the study was to evaluate the correlation between population prevalence of physical activity and standardized mortality rates by COVID-19 in Brazilian capital cities and the Federal District. Methods: this is an ecological study, whose analysis is secondary. The prevalence of physical inactivity, insufficient physical activity, and physical activity during free time was obtained from the Surveillance of Risk Factors and Protection for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey 2019 (VIGITEL), according to minutes spent on leisure, commuting, and household activities. The COVID-19 mortality data was obtained from the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance Information System (SIVEP-Gripe), adding the accumulated deaths until December 31, 2020. The resident population was estimated from the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) for the year 2020. Pearson Correlation evaluated the correlation between the prevalence of different physical activity practices and the standardized mortality rate from COVID-19, in total, and according to age groups. Results: there was a significant positive correlation (r = 0.420; p = 0.029) between the overall prevalence of insufficient physical activity and the standardized COVID-19 mortality rate. No correlation was observed between the other prevalence of physical activity and the standardized mortality rate from COVID-19. Conclusion: there was a correlation between insufficient levels of physical activity and the standardized mortality rate from COVID-19 in people living in Brazilian capital cities.(AU)

Justificativa e objetivo: novos estudos em nível populacional são necessários para avaliar a relação entre inatividade física e mortalidade por COVID-19. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a correlação entre as prevalências populacionais de prática de atividade física e as taxas padronizadas de mortalidade por COVID-19 nas cidades capitais brasileiras e no Distrito Federal. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo ecológico, cuja análise é secundária. As prevalências de inatividade física, atividade física insuficiente e atividade física no tempo livre foram obtidas do inquérito Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico 2019 (VIGITEL). Os dados de mortalidade por COVID-19 foram obtidos do Sistema de Informação de Vigilância Epidemiológica da Gripe (SIVEP-Gripe), somando os óbitos acumulados até 31 de dezembro de 2020. A população residente foi estimada a partir do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) para o ano de 2020. A Correlação de Pearson avaliou a correlação entre a prevalência de diferentes práticas de atividade física e a taxa padronizada de mortalidade por COVID-19, no total e segundo faixas etárias. Resultados: houve correlação significativa positiva (r = 0,420; p = 0,029) entre a prevalência geral de atividade física insuficiente e a taxa padronizada de mortalidade por COVID-19. Não foi observada correlação entre as demais prevalências de prática de atividade física e taxa padronizada de mortalidade por COVID-19. Conclusão: houve correlação entre os níveis insuficientes de atividade física e a taxa padronizada de mortalidade por COVID-19 em pessoas que vivem nas cidades capitais brasileiras.(AU)

Justificación y objetivo: nuevos estudios a nivel poblacional son necesarios para evaluar la relación entre la inactividad física y la mortalidad por COVID-19. Evaluar la correlación entre la prevalencia poblacional de actividad física y las tasas estandarizadas de mortalidad por COVID-19 en las capitales brasileñas y el Distrito Federal. Métodos: se trata de un estudio ecológico, cuyo análisis es secundario. Las prevalencias de sedentarismo, actividad física insuficiente y actividad física en el tiempo libre se obtuvieron de la Encuesta Telefónica de Vigilancia de Factores de Riesgo y Protección de Enfermedades Crónicas 2019 (VIGITEL). Los datos de mortalidad por COVID-19 se obtuvieron del Sistema de Información de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de Influenza (SIVEP-Gripe), sumando las muertes acumuladas hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2020. La población residente se estimó del Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) para el año. 2020. Pearson Correlation evaluó la correlación entre la prevalencia de diferentes prácticas de actividad física y la tasa de mortalidad estandarizada por COVID-19, en total y según grupos de edad. Resultados: hubo una correlación positiva significativa (r = 0,420; p = 0,029) entre la prevalencia general de actividad física insuficiente y la tasa de mortalidad estandarizada por COVID-19. No se observó correlación entre la otra prevalencia de actividad física y la tasa de mortalidad estandarizada por COVID-19. Conclusión: hubo una correlación entre los niveles insuficientes de actividad física y la tasa de mortalidad estandarizada por COVID-19 en personas que viven en las capitales brasileñas.(AU)

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on global neurosurgical education: a systematic review.

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted neurosurgical training worldwide, with the shutdown of academic institutions and the reduction of elective surgical procedures. This impact has disproportionately affected LMICs (lower- and/or middle-income countries), already burdened by a lack of neurosurgical resources. Thus, a systematic review was conducted to examine these challenges and innovations developed to adapt effective teaching and learning for medical students and neurosurgical trainees. A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) and The Cochrane Handbook of Systematic Reviews of Interventions. MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases were accessed, searching and screening literature from December 2019 to 5th December 2020 with set inclusion and exclusion criteria. Screening identified 1254 articles of which 26 were included, providing data from 96 countries. Twenty-three studies reported transition to online learning, with 8 studies also mentioned redeployment into COVID wards with 2 studies mentioning missed surgical exposure as a consequence. Of 7 studies conducted in LMICs, 3 reported residents suffering financial insecurities from reduced surgical caseload and recession. Significant global disruption in neurosurgical teaching and training has arisen from the COVID-19 pandemic. Decreased surgical exposure has negatively impacted educational provision. However, advancements in virtual technology have allowed for more affordable, accessible training especially in LMICs. Using this, initiatives to reduce physical and mental stress experienced by trainees should be paramount.

Evolution of COVID-19 in Santa Catarina, Brazil: state decrees and epidemiological indicators up until August 2020. / Evolução da COVID-19 em Santa Catarina: decretos estaduais e indicadores epidemiológicos até agosto de 2020.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the evolution of decrees and indicators related to COVID-19 in Santa Catarina, Brazil, up until August 2020. METHODS: This was an ecological study that analyzed epidemiological indicators and state decrees on social distancing. The decrees were grouped into restriction, maintenance and relaxation. The indicators were mortality, incidence and transmissibility. RESULTS: 179,443 cases and 2,183 deaths were recorded in the period. The incidence rate went from 20.4 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in March to 642.2 in August. Fifteen state decrees were issued. In August, when the highest mortality rate was observed (13.1 per 100,000 inhabitants), it was found that all decree categories, except one, had been relaxed. CONCLUSION: The decrees that relaxed social distancing measures were issued early and in disagreement with the epidemiological context in the state.

Correlation of overweight condition and obesity with mortality by COVID-19 in Brazil's state capitals

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the correlation between the prevalence of overweight condition and obesity with mortality rates due to COVID-19 in Brazil's state capitals. Materials and methods: This is an ecological study, whose units of analysis were the 26 state capitals and the Federal District of Brazil. Prevalence was estimated by the results of the Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico 2019 (VIGITEL). The general mortality rates due to COVID-19 were collected on the official website of the Brazilian Ministry of Health (MH) and stratified by the same Brazilian capitals evaluated in the VIGITEL survey. The rates included the period between the 1st and 29th Epidemiological Weeks of 2020. The Partial Correlation Test (r) was used, controlled for confounding factors, to evaluate the correlation between the prevalence of overweight/obesity and the overall mortality rates due to COVID-19. Results: The mean mortality rate for COVID-19 in the period was 65.1 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants. Regarding the prevalence of obesity and overweight, 20.2% and 54.7% were the mean values observed in the state capitals, respectively. The prevalence of obesity was positively correlated with the overall mortality rate due to COVID-19, with mean positive correlation (r=0.380) and statistically significant correlation (p=0.034). Conclusion: This study pointed out that, at the aggregate level, there is a concomitant and correlated increase in mortality rates due to COVID-19 and prevalence of obesity in Brazilian capitals. The data found may contribute to actions to cope with the pandemic aimed at this population.

Correlation of overweight condition and obesity with mortality by COVID-19 in Brazil's state capitals.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the correlation between the prevalence of overweight condition and obesity with mortality rates due to COVID-19 in Brazil's state capitals. METHODS: This is an ecological study, whose units of analysis were the 26 state capitals and the Federal District of Brazil. Prevalence was estimated by the results of the Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico 2019 (VIGITEL). The general mortality rates due to COVID-19 were collected on the official website of the Brazilian Ministry of Health (MH) and stratified by the same Brazilian capitals evaluated in the VIGITEL survey. The rates included the period between the 1st and 29th Epidemiological Weeks of 2020. The Partial Correlation Test (r) was used, controlled for confounding factors, to evaluate the correlation between the prevalence of overweight/obesity and the overall mortality rates due to COVID-19. RESULTS: The mean mortality rate for COVID-19 in the period was 65.1 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants. Regarding the prevalence of obesity and overweight, 20.2% and 54.7% were the mean values observed in the state capitals, respectively. The prevalence of obesity was positively correlated with the overall mortality rate due to COVID-19, with mean positive correlation (r=0.380) and statistically significant correlation (p=0.034). CONCLUSION: This study pointed out that, at the aggregate level, there is a concomitant and correlated increase in mortality rates due to COVID-19 and prevalence of obesity in Brazilian capitals. The data found may contribute to actions to cope with the pandemic aimed at this population.

Evolução da COVID-19 em Santa Catarina: decretos estaduais e indicadores epidemiológicos até agosto de 2020 / Evolución de la COVID-19 en Santa Catarina, Brasil: decretos estatales e indicadores epidemiológicos hasta agosto de 2020 / Evolution of COVID-19 in Santa Catarina, Brazil: state decrees and epidemiological indicators up until August 2020

Objetivo: Descrever a evolução dos decretos e indicadores relacionados à COVID-19 em Santa Catarina, Brasil, até agosto de 2020. Métodos: Estudo ecológico que analisou indicadores epidemiológicos e decretos estaduais sobre o distanciamento social. Os decretos foram agrupados em medidas de restrição, manutenção ou flexibilização. Mortalidade, incidência e transmissibilidade constituíram os indicadores. Resultados: Foram registrados 179.443 casos e 2.183 óbitos no período selecionado. A taxa de incidência passou de 20,4 casos a cada 100 mil habitantes no mês de março para 642,2/100 mil hab. em agosto. Foram emitidos 15 decretos estaduais. Em agosto, quando se observou a maior taxa de mortalidade (13,1/100 mil hab.), verificou-se que todas as categorias, à exceção de uma, haviam sido flexibilizadas. Conclusão: Os decretos que flexibilizaram as medidas de distanciamento social foram emitidos precocemente, em desacordo com o contexto epidemiológico no estado.

Objetivo: Describir la evolución de los decretos e indicadores relacionados con la COVID-19 en Santa Catarina, Brasil, hasta agosto de 2020. Métodos: Estudio ecológico que analizó indicadores epidemiológicos y decretos estatales sobre distanciamiento social. Los decretos se agruparon en: restricción; mantenimiento y flexibilización. Mortalidad, incidencia y transmisibilidad fueron los indicadores. Resultados:Se registraron 179.443 casos y 2.183 defunciones. La tasa de incidencia pasó de 20,4 casos por 100.000 habitantes en marzo a 642,2 en agosto. Se emitieron 15 decretos estatales. En agosto, cuando se observó la tasa de mortalidad más alta (13,1 por 100.000 habitantes), parecía que todas las categorías, con excepción de una, se habían flexibilizado por decretos anteriores. Conclusión: Los decretos que flexibilizaron las medidas de distancia social se emitieron precozmente y en desacuerdo con el momento epidemiológico en el estado.

Objective: To describe the evolution of decrees and indicators related to COVID-19 in Santa Catarina, Brazil, up until August 2020. Methods: This was an ecological study that analyzed epidemiological indicators and state decrees on social distancing. The decrees were grouped into restriction, maintenance and relaxation. The indicators were mortality, incidence and transmissibility. Results: 179,443 cases and 2,183 deaths were recorded in the period. The incidence rate went from 20.4 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in March to 642.2 in August. Fifteen state decrees were issued. In August, when the highest mortality rate was observed (13.1 per 100,000 inhabitants), it was found that all decree categories, except one, had been relaxed. Conclusion: The decrees that relaxed social distancing measures were issued early and in disagreement with the epidemiological context in the state.